Electropaedia Battery and Technology History Timeline
2500 B.C. Bronze Age, Egyptians, Imhotep - Soldering, Wire Drawing, Architecture, Medicine
2300 B.C. Egyptians - Stenciling
1300 B.C. Egyptians - Wire Making, Fibreglass
1280 B.C. Moses - Ark of the Covenant
800 B.C. Greeks - Lodestone, Magnets
600 B.C. Thales - Static Electricity, Scientific Method
460 B.C. Democritus - Atomic Theory
350 B.C. Aristotle - Rational Deduction
250 B.C. Mesopotamia - Baghdad Battery
220-206 B.C. Qin Dynasty - Magnetic Compass
27 B.C.- 5th Century A.D. The Romans - Roman Science
150 A.D. Ptolemy - Geocentric Universe, Almagest, Geographia, Map Making
200 Galen - Magnets and Medicine
400 Hypatia - Hydrometer, Astrolabe
426 St Augustine - Magnets and Miracles
619 Romans - Tidal Power
645 Xuan Zhuang - Silk Screen Printing
700-1100 Islamic Science - Rise and Fall, Scientific Revolution
776 Jabir Ibn Haiyan (Geber) - Chemistry, Experimental Methods
830 Al-Khawarizmi - Algebra, Algorithms, Trigonometry, Concept of Zero
920 Al-Razi - Chemistry, Book of Secrets
1040 Wu Ching Tsung Yao - Thermoremanent Magnetisation
1041 Pi Sheng - Printing Press
1086 Shen Kua - Compass Navigation
1190 Neckam - Magnetic Compass
1250 St Thomas Aquinas - Rational Thought
1269 Petrus Peregrinus - Magnetic Poles
1368 China - Ming Dynasty, Decline of Chinese Science and Technology
1450 Gutenberg - Printing Press
1474 Republic of Venice - Patent Law
1499 King Henry VI, John of Utynam - The First Patent
1514 Copernicus - Heliocentric Universe
1515 Leonardo da Vinci - Solar Heating
1593 Galileo, Santorio - Water/Air Thermometer
1600 Gilbert - Electric and Magnetic Forces, Experimental Method
1601 Brahe - Astronomical Observations
1603 Cascariolo - Phosphorescence
1605 Bacon - Scientific Method, Five Bit Binary Code
1608 Lippershey - Telescope
1609 Kepler - Laws of Planetary Motion
1614 Napier - Logarithms, Mechanical Calculator (Napier's Bones)
1620 Gunter - Logarithmic Scale Calculator
1621 Oughtred - Slide Rule
1629 Cabeo - Electric Repulsion
1642 Pascal - Mechanical Calculator, Hydraulic Press, Vacuum
1643 Torricelli - Barometer
1644 Descartes - Cartesian Geometry, Mathematical Basis of Science
1646 Browne - Named "Electricity"
1651 Glauber - Pressure Release Valve
1654 Ferdinand II - Sealed Alcohol Thermometer
1658 Ussher - Age of the Earth
1660 Towneley, Power - Gas Law
1661 Huygens - Manometer
Boyle - Elements1662 Boyle - Gas Law
1663 van Guericke - Electric Generator
1665 Boyle - Hydrometer
1675 Boyle - Electric Force Transmission
1676 Hooke - Hooke's Law for Springs, Time Stamping
1679 Leibniz - Binary Arithmetic, Calculus
1681 Papin - Safety Valve, Pressure Cooker, Steam Engine
1687 Newton - Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Calculus, Laws of Motion, Cat-flap
1705 Hauksbee - Electroluminescent Glow Discharge Lamp
1713 Réaumur - Fibreglass, Thermometer, Temperature Scale
1714 Fahrenheit - Mercury Thermometer, Temperature Scale
1725 Bouchon - Stored Program, Punched Paper Tape, Machine Automation
1728 Falcon - Punched Cards, Manufacturing Automation
1729 Gray - Electric Conduction
1733 du Fay - Positive and Negative Charges
de Moivre - Bell Curve (Normal Distribution)1738 Bernoulli - Fluid Mechanics
1744 de Vaucanson - Stored Program, Punched Cards, Machine Automation
1745 van Musschenbroek, Cunaeus, von Kleist - Leyden Jar
1746 Nollet - Electric Communications
1747 Cavendish - Electric Potential, Inverse Square Law
Watson - Earth Return1748 Watson - Glow Discharge, Fluorescent Light
Nollet - Electroscope
Euler - Mathematical Constant e, Euler's Trigonometrical Formulae, Turbine Equations1750 Nollet - Electrostatic Spraying
Michell - Magnetic Induction, Inverse Square Law1752 Dalibard - Lightning Experiments
Sulzer - Battery Tongue Test
Franklin - Electrical Experiments1753 Morrison - Telegraph
1757 Adanson, Walsh - Electric Fish, Electric Shocks
1759 Aepinus - Mathematics of Electricity and Magnetism, Variable Capacitor
1761 Black - Latent Heat
1766 de Saussure - Electrometer
Cavendish - Hydrogen1767 Priestley - History of Electricity, Oxygen
1769 Watt - Steam Engine
1771 Arkwright - Machine Powered Factory
Scheele - Oxygen, Chlorine, Light Sensitive Silver Salts (Basis of Photographic Process)1774 LeSage - Electric Telegraph
1775 Volta - Perpetual Electrophorus
Wilkinson - Precision Machine Tools1782 Laplace - Integral Transform, Probability Theory
1784 Cavendish - Chemical Composition of Water
Mesmer - Animal Magnetism1785 Coulomb - Inverse Square Law
1786 Galvani - Animal Electricity
1787 Charles, Gay Lussac - Gas Laws
1789 Lavoisier - Conservation of Mass, Elements
1790 Jefferson - Patent Laws
Hopkins - First US Patent1791 Richter - Stoichiometry, Law of Definite Proportions
Barber - Gas Turbine Engine, Water Jet Propulsion1795 Bramah - Hydraulic Press
1797 von Humboldt - Galvanic Electricity
Maudslay - Precision Machine Tools, Screw-Cutting Lathe, Micrometer1798 Whitney - Interchangeable Components, Milling Machine
1799 Rumford - Equivalence of Thermal Energy and Mechanical Work, Royal Institution
1800 Volta - Battery
Nicholson, Carlisle - Electrolysis
Herschel - Infra Red Radiation1801 Ritter - Ultra Violet Radiation
Jacquard - Stored Program, Programmed Machine Control
Gautherot - Rechargeable Battery1802 Cruikshank - Electrodeposition, Electroplating
Wollaston - Optical Polarisation, Wollaston Prism1803 Ritter - Rechargeable Battery
Dalton - Atomic Theory, Gas Laws1804 Salvá - Electric Telegraph
1805 Brugnatelli - Electroplating
1807 Young - Modulus of Elasticity
Davy - Isolation of Elements by Electrolysis
Fourier - Heat Transfer, Fourier Transform
Gauss - Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)1808 Berzelius - Law of Definite Proportions, Chemical Notation, Atomic Masses
Brunel - Mass Production1809 Davy - Carbon Arc Lamp
1811 Avogadro - Molecular Weights Hypothesis
1812 von Sömmering - Electric Telegraph
Zamboni - High Voltage "Dry" Battery, Electric Clock1814 Fraunhofer - Fraunhofer Lines, Light Spectrum Analysis
1805 Brugnatelli - Electroplating
1816 Ronalds - Electric Telegraph
Wollaston - Reserve Battery
Stirling - Stirling "Hot Air" Engine, Regenerator1819 Dulong, Petit - Specific Heat Capacity Law
1820 Øersted - Magnetism and Electricity
Ampère - Magnetic Forces, Electric Potential
Biot, Savart - Magnetic Fields
Schweigger - Galvanometer
Arago - Electromagnet
Hare - Spiral Wound Electrodes1821 Seebeck - Thermoelectric Effect
Faraday - Electric Motor1822 Barlow - Electric Motor
1823 Döbereiner - Catalysis
1824 Berzelius - Silicon Isolated
Carnot - Heat Engine Theory, Second Law of Thermodynamics1825 Ampère - Magnetic Field Theory
Sturgeon - Electromagnet
Stephenson - Railways1826 Nobili, Melloni - Astatic Galvanometer, Thermoelectric Battery
Poggendorff - Mirror Galvanometer1827 Ohm - Ohm's Law
Brown - Brownian Motion1828 Berzelius - Atomic Weights
Green - Mathematical Analysis of Electricity and Magnetism
Dutrochet - Osmosis
Jedlik - Electric Motor, Commutator, Self Excited Dynamo1829 Nobili, Melloni - Thermopile Radiant Heat Measurement
Becquerel - Constant Current Cell1830 Ure - Bi-metal Thermostat
Henry - Electromagnetic Induction1831 Faraday - Solenoid, Induction Coil, Transformer, Dynamo, Homopolar Machine
Henry - Electric Telegraph
Henry - Relay1832 Schilling - Electric Telegraph
Pixii - Magneto, Direct Current Dynamo1833 Faraday - Laws of Electrolysis
Christie - Wheatstone Bridge
Weber, Gauss - Magnetic Fields, Electric Telegraph
Lenz - Induced Current Law
Graham - Diffusion Law
Brunel - Gaz Engine
Ericsson - Hot Air Engine, Ericsson Cycle, Screw Propeller, USS Monitor1834 Peltier - Thermo-cooling Effect
Clapeyron - Heat Engine Theory, Thermodynamics1835 Gauss - Electric Field Theory, Normal Probability Distribution
Morse - Electric Telegraph, Morse Code
Lindsay - Electric Arc Welding, Electric Lamp1836 Daniell - Battery, Non-Polarising Cell
Berzelius - Catalysts
Paris - Electric Light Installation
Dubus-Bonnel - Woven Fibreglass
Callan - Induction Coil, Maynooth Battery1837 Faraday - Capacitor Theory
Davenport - Electric Motor
Cooke, Wheatstone - Electric Telegraph
Ettrick, Henley - Insulated Electrical Wire
McGauley, Page - Interrupter, Self-Acting Circuit Breaker1838 Davidson - Switched Reluctance DC Motor, Electric Locomotive
Steinheil - Earth(Ground) Return Single Wire Signalling1839 Steinheil - Electric Clock
Grove - Fuel Cell
Faraday - Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Generator
Jacobi - Power Transfer Theorem, Load Matching, Electric Boat, Electroplating, Electroforming
Becquerel - Photovoltaic Effect
Simon - Polystyrene1840 Joule - Electric Heating (Joule's) Law, First Law of Thermodynamics
Elkingtons - Electroplating
Newall - Cable Making
Airy - Feedback, Closed Loop Systems
Armstrong - Hydro-Electric Generator1841 Bunsen - Carbon Zinc Cell, Spectroscopy
Bain - Electric Clock, Earth Battery1842 Doppler - Doppler Effect
1843 Bain - Image Scanning, Fax Machine, Punched Paper Tape, Telegraph Improvements
Ada Lovelace, Babbage - Computer Programming, Stored Program, Binary Numbers, Analytical Engine
Wheatstone - Rheostat
Hancock, Goodyear - Vulcanisation of Rubber
du Bois Reymond - Electrophysiology, Nerve Impulses1845 Faraday - Magneto-Optic Effect
Kirchhoff - Network Theory, Speed of Light, Spectroscopy, Composition of the Sun and Stars1846 Smithson - Smithsonian Institution
Faraday - Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism1848 Kelvin - Absolute Temperature
1849 Fizeau - Speed of Light, Red Shift
Bourdon - Pressure Gauge1850 Clausius - Mechanical Theory of Heat
Mirand - Trembling Electric Bell1851 Kelvin - Second Law of Thermodynamics
Ruhmkorff - High Voltage Induction Coil1852 Frankland - Chemical Bonds, Valency
Joule, Thomson - Gas Laws, Vapour Compression Refrigeration
Channing, Farmer - Automatic Fire Alarm System, Diplex Telegraphy1853 Pope - Electric Burglar Alarm
Gintl - Duplex Telegraphy
Rankine - Potential Energy
Kelvin - RLC Circuit Theory1854 Bourseul - Electrical Transmission of Sound
Geissler - Vacuum Tubes, Fluorescent Light
Boole - Boolean Logic
Tyndall - Light Pipe, Fibre Optics
Stenhouse - Gas Mask
Barsanti, Matteucci - Spark Ignition Internal Combustion Engine1855 Parkes - Plastic, Celluloid
1856 Kelvin - Dynamic Theory of Electricity and Magnetism, Strain Gauge
1857 Kelvin - MagnetoResistance
Wheatstone - Punched Paper Tape1858 Field, Whitehouse, Kelvin - Transatlantic Telegraph Cable, Mirror Galvanometer
Plücker, Hittorf - Cathode Rays, Fluorescent Lights
Couper, Kekule - Organic Chemistry, Linking Carbon Atoms
Holmes - Electric Burglar Alarm
Cannizzaro - Atomic and Molecular Weights1859 Rankine - Thermodynamic Cycles
Carré - Gas Absorption Refrigeration1860 Lenoir - Internal Combustion Engine, Spark Ignition, Lenoir Cycle
Reithmann - Four Stroke Engine
Planté - Lead Acid Rechargeable Battery
Mouchout - Solar Powered Motor
Maxwell - Primary Colours, Colour Photography1861 Reis - Telephone
Meucci - Telephone
Beau de Rochas - Four Stroke Engine1862 Otto - Spark Ignition Four Stroke Engine, Otto Cycle
1863 Alkali Works Act - Environmental Legislation
Davis - Pilot Plants, Safety Practices
Jedlik - Multiplying Capacitor Battery (High Voltage Generator)1864 Maxwell - Electromagnetic Waves
Elkington - Electrolytic Refining1865 Clausius - Entropy
ITU - International Telecommunications Union Established1866 Varley, Siemens, Wheatstone, Hjorth, Jedlik - Dynamo, Electromagnetic Armature
1867 Siemens - Reversibility of Dynamo
Kelvin - Water Powered Electrostatic Generator
Scholes, Glidden, Soule - Typewriter1868 Leclanché - Zinc Carbon Wet Cell
Maxwell - Feedback Control Systems
Farcot - Servomechanisms1869 Hittorf - Ion Migration, Transport Number
Meyer, Mendeleyef - Periodic Table of Elements
Berges - Hydroelectric Power
Tyndall - Explanation of Blue Sky1870 Hyatt - Plastic, Celluloid
Player - Fibreglass1870's Boltzmann - Statistical Mechanics, Thermodynamic Entropy
1871 Weber - Atomic Structure, Current Flow
Steiner - Electric Shock Treatment
Tyndall - Fireman's Respirator, Gas Mask1872 Baumann - PVC, Polyvinyl Chloride
Loomis - Radio
Clark - Standard Cell
Stearns - Duplex Telegraphy1872 Brayton - Continuous Combustion Engine, Brayton (Thermodynamic) Cycle
1873 Maxwell - Electromagnetic Radiation Theory, Maxwell's Equations
Gramme, Fontaine - Commutators, DC Machines, Electrical Power Transmission
Davidson - Electric Vehicle
May, Smith - Photoconductivity
van der Waals - Gas Laws, Intermolecular Forces1874 Clamond - Thermo-electric Battery
Edison - Quadruplex Telegraph
Baudot - Digital Encoding, Multiplexer
Braun - Crystal Rectifier
Stoney - Electron
Salomons - Electric Car1875 Rowland - Current and Charge Flow
1876 Bell, Gray - Telephone
1877 Hughes, Edison, Berliner, Hunnings, Blake - Carbon Microphone
Adams, Day - Photo-electric Effect
Siemens - Loudspeaker1878 Gramme, Fontaine - Electric Alternator
Gibbs - Chemical Thermodynamics, Free Energy Concept, Vector Analysis
Niaudet - Battery Industry Growth, 100 Battery Types, Recycling
Redmond - Television
de Paiva - Electric Telescope1879 Hall - Magnetic Field Strength Sensors
Edison, Swan and Others - Incandescent Lamp
Crookes - Cathode Ray Tube, Radiometer
Siemens Halske - Electric Railway
Stefan - Black Body Radiation
Hughes - Induction Balance, Metal Detector, Radio Waves, Electromagnetic Radiation1880 Curie - Piezo-electricity
Fauré - Lead Acid Battery Formation, Pasted Plates
Hammesfahr - Fibreglass Cloth1881 Thiebaut - Leclanché Cell Improvements
Burr, Scott - Flashlight (Torch)
Touvé - Electric Car
International Electric Congress - Electrical Units, Volt, Ohm, Ampere
Taylor - Time and Motion Study, Scientific Management
Smith, Phelps, Edison, Woods - Induction Telegraph, Mobile Communications1882 d'Arsonval - Moving Coil Galvanometer
Tesla - Rotating Field Principle, 2 Phase Induction Motor
Lalande, Chaperon - Rechargeable Alkaline Cells
Wimshurst - Electrostatic Generator
Ayrton, Perry - Electric Tricycle, Electric Lights
Wheeler, Seely - Domestic Electrical Appliances
Edison - DC Electricity Generating Station
Hammer - Thermionic Emission
Hopkinson - Three Phase Electricity Generation and Distribution1883 Hopkinson - Synchronous Motors
Edison - Electric Fuse
Fritts - Photo-voltaic Module
Fitzgerald - Radio Waves1884 Heaviside - Coaxial Cable, Vector Calculus, Distortionless Transmission Lines, Heaviside-Kennelly Layer
Renard - Zinc Chlorine Flow Battery
Arrhenius - Galvanic Conductivity in Electrolytes, Ion Dissociation
Le Chatelier - Chemical Equilibrium
Nipkow - Television System, Image Raster Scanning1885 Goldstein - Canal Rays
Ferraris - Induction Motor Rotating Magnetic Field
Benardos, Olszewski - Electric Arc Welder
Bláthy, Déri, Zipernowsky - High Voltage AC Distribution System, Transformer, AC WattHour Meter
Benz - Automobile1886 Stanley - Transformer
Gassner - Carbon Zinc Dry Cell
Hall, Heroult - Electrolytic Extraction of Aluminium
Akroyd-Stuart - Compression Ignition Engine1887 Kelvin - Electrostatic Voltmeter
Arrhenius - Chemical Reaction Rates
Thomson - Electric Resistance Welding
Tesla - Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators, AC Distribution System
Ferranti - AC Distribution System, AC Electricity Generating Station, Induction Heating
Waller - Electrocardiogram
Boys - Fibreglass
Hertz - Photoelectric Effect1888 Hertz - Radio Waves
Hallwachs - Photoelectric Effect
Peral, Zede, Drzewiecki - Electric Submarines
Reinitzer - Liquid Crystal Effect
Strowger - Automatic Telephone Exchange1889 Thomson - Recording Wattmeter
von Dobrovolski - Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Nernst - Galvanic Cell Theory, Enthalpy, Third Law of Thermodynamics
Westinghouse - Hydroelectric AC Generating and Distribution System1890 Ewing - Hysteresis
Tesla - High Frequency Multi-pole Rotary Generator1891 Steinmetz - Hysteresis Law, AC Circuit Analysis, Phasors
Ward Leonard - Variable Speed Control
Wenström - Three Phase Power Systems
Hertz, Lenard - Cathode Rays
Branly - Coherer (Radio Wave Detector)
Varley - Lightning Bridge1892 Weston - Standard Cell, Electric Instruments
Hayes - Telephone Exchange Central Battery Power
Stubblefield - Ground Battery, Radio
Lorentz - Electrodynamics, Electromagnetic Fields, Electromagnetic Forces1893 Elster, Geitel - Photocell
Westinghouse - End of the Current Wars
Diesel - Compression Ignition Engine, Diesel Cycle1894 Parsons - Steam Turbines
Lodge, Muirhead - Radio Signal Transmission1895 Röntgen - X-ray Effect
Curie - Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Curie Point
Popov - Radio Waves, Antennas1896 Marconi - Radio Telegraphy
Jacques - Carbon Battery
Becquerel - Radioactivity
Misell - Flashlight (Torch), D Cells
Dowsing - Automobile Self-Starter, Integrated Starter Generator1897 Thomson - Electron
Braun - Oscilloscope
Darraq - Regenerative Braking
Peukert - Available Battery Capacity1898 Poulsen - Magnetic Recording and Playback Apparatus
Wien - Proton
Lodge - Radio Tuning
Curie - Radioactivity, Radium1899 Duell - Patents
Rutherford, Soddy - Alpha Rays, Beta Rays
Villard - Gamma Rays
Jungner - Nickel Cadmium Rechargeable Cells
Jénatzy - Electric Vehicle, Land Speed Record
Porsche - Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Pupin - Inductive Loading Coils1900 Edison - Nickel Iron Battery
Planck - Quantum Theory
Drude - Electrical Conduction
Pieper - Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Holland - Dual Propulsion Submarine1901 Michaelowski - Nickel Zinc Battery
1902 Hewitt - Mercury Arc Rectifier
USA - Electricity Market Penetration1903 Einthoven - Electrocardiograph
Soddy, Rutherford - Radioactivity, Spontaneous Atomic Disintegration
Hanson - Flexible Printed Circuits
Krieger - Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Tswett - Chromatography
Murray - Teleprinter1904 Fleming - Diode Rectifier, Potentiometer
Hülsmeyer - Radar
Hubbell - Mains Plug and Socket
Conti - Geothermal Power Plant1905 Einstein - Quantum Theory, Avogadro's Number, Brownian Motion, Speed of Light, E = mc2
Tafel - Battery Theory
Piper - Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Langévin - Magnetism, Magnetic Properties1906 Fessenden - Broadcast Radio, Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Alexanderson - High Frequency Multi-pole Rotary Generator
Pickard, Dunwoody - Crystal Detector, Cat's Whisker1907 Baekeland - Thermosetting Plastic
de Forest - Triode
Round - Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Weiss - Magnetic Domains, Paramagnetism, Diamagnetism, Ferromagnetism
Simon - Silk Screen Printing1908 Voith - Pumped Storage
Brandenberger - Cellophane1909 Sørensen - pH Acidity/Alkalinity Measure
Beautey - Hermetically Sealed Wet Battery1910 Millikan - Electron Charge
Coolidge - Tungsten Filament Light Bulb
Claude - Neon Lights1911 Onnes - Superconductivity
Rutherford - Atomic Structure
Campbell Swinton - Electronic Television1912 Thomson, Soddy - Isotopes, Mass Spectrometer
Kettering - Automobile Electric Starter
Bragg - X-ray Diffraction, X-ray Crystallography
von Laue - X-ray Theory
Wilson - Cloud Chamber
Armstrong - Regenerative Radio Receiver, Positive Feedback
Sarnoff - Monitoring Titanic SOS Signals
Leavitt - Cepheid Star Period-Luminosity Relation, Standard Candles1913 Bohr - Quantum Mechanics, Atomic Structure
Moseley - Atomic Number, Periodic Table
Berry, Littlefield, Bassist - Printed Circuits
Ford - Moving Conveyor Line, Paced Assembly Line1914 Millikan - Planck's Constant Determination
Slipher - Red Shifted Galaxies1915 Benedicks - Germanium Crystal Rectifier
Willard - Automotive SLI Batteries
Fery - Air Depolarising, Zinc-Air Battery
Colpitts - Push-Pull Amplifier
Hartley, Colpitts - Variable Frequency Oscillators
Carson - Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulation, Frequency Division Multiplexing
Shapley - Stellar Distance Estimation, Cosmic Dimensions1916 Lewis - Chemical Bonding, Ionic Bonding
Sommerfeld - Atomic Structure, Quantum States
Northrup - High Frequency Induction Heating
Czochralski - Single Crystal Growth1917 Campbell, Wagner - Passive Electric Wave Filters
Rutherford - Splits Atom, Proton1918 Armstrong, Schottky - Superheterodyne Radio Tuner
Schoop - Printed Circuits1919 Eccles, Jordan - Flip Flop
Eguchi - Electrets
Schottky - Tetrode Valve
Nicholson - Crystal Oscillator1920 KDKA - First Commercial Radio Broadcasts
Aston - Nuclear Mass Defect, Binding Energy
Eddington - Sun's Energy Source1921 UK - Electricity Market Penetration
Cady - Crystal Controlled Oscillator
Midgley - Anti-knock Fuel (Tetraethyl Lead), Refrigerants (Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs))1920's Diesel Electric Locomotives, Electric Drives
1922 BBC - Public Radio Broadcasting
Losev - Light Emitting Diode (LED), Solid State Amplifier, Negative Resistance Amplifier
Minorsky - Feedback Control Systems, PID (3 Term) Controller
Staudinger, Simon - Theory of Polymers, Polystyrene1923 Marconi Company - Hearing Aid
Dodge, Romig - Sampling Inspection Tables, AOQL
Brønsted, Lowry, Lewis - Acids and Bases
Pierce - "Pierce" Crystal Controlled Oscillator1924 Berger - Encephalograph
de Broglie - Wave Particle Duality
Rice, Kellogg - Moving Coil Loudspeaker
Schottky, Gerlach - Ribbon Microphone
Appleton - Ionosphere, Appleton Layer, Radar1925 Maxfield, Harrison - Electrical Sound Recording
Bush - Analogue Computer
Pauli - Exclusion Principle, Electron Spin
Heisenberg - Quantum Theory, Matrix Mechanics
Ducas - Printed Circuits1926 Parolini, Edison - Printed Circuits
Semon - PVC, Plasticisers
Eckert, Ziegler - Injection Moulding Machine
Schrödinger - Quantum Wave Mechanics, Wave Equation
Born - Quantum State Probability
Lilienfeld - Field Effect Transistor
Loomis - Tuxedo Park Laboratory, MIT Radiation Laboratory
Ridenour - MIT Radiation Lab Series Publications1927 Heisenberg - Uncertainty Principle
Thomson, Davisson - Wave Nature of the Electron
Hund - Quantum Tunneling
USA - Battery Costs
Chauvin Arnoux - Multimeter
Black - Feedback Control Theory, Distortion Control
Seymour - Flexible Printed Circuits
Farnsworth - All Electronic Television System
Marrison - Quartz Clock, Crystal Controlled Oscillator
Haldane - Heat Pump1928 Dirac - Electron Magnetic Spin Properties, Anti-particles, Quantum Electrodynamics, QED, Positron
Hartley - Signal Information Content, Information Transmission Rates
Nyquist - Communications, Sampling Theory
Johnson - Thermal Noise (Johnson Noise)
Potocnik - Geostationary Satellites1929 Zworykin - Television Picture Tube
Hubble - Big Bang, Expanding Universe, Hubble's Law1930 Butler, Volmer - Battery Kinetic Electrochemistry
Gusseff, Lazarenko - Electro-chemical Machining, Electro-discharge Machining
Lilienfeld - Electrolytic Capacitors
Whittle - Jet Engine1931 Carothers - Neoprene, Nylon
Fischar - Metal Detector
Drumm - Traction Battery
de Bellescise - Phase Locked Loop (PLL), Radio Tuning Circuits, Automatic Frequency Control (AFC)
Blumlein - Stereo Sound1932 Knoll, Ruska - Transmission Electron Microscope
Bacon - Alkaline Fuel Cell
Cockcroft, Walton - Proton Accelerator, Split the Atom, E = mc2 Verification
Chadwick - Neutron
Szilard - Chain Reaction, Critical Mass, Atom Bomb
Anderson - Positron, Elementary Particles
Heise, Schumacher - Zinc Air Battery
Schlecht, Ackermann - Sintered Pole Plates
Nyquist - Feedback Control Theory, Stability Control
Kleist, Slayter - Fibreglass1933 Dassler - Recombinant Batteries
Meissner, Ochsenfeld - Superconductor Magnetic Properties
First Injection Moulded Polystyrene Products
Gibson, Fawcett - Polyethylene
Armstrong- Frequency Modulation (FM)
Franz - Flexible Printed Circuits1934 Sonneberg - Gelled Cell Lead Acid Batteries
Chauvin Arnoux - Current Measuring Clamp1935 Watson-Watt - Radar
Heil - Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor (IGFET), Klystron, Air Motion Transformer1930's Ampoule Batteries
1936 Ellis - Polyester Resin
1937 Shannon - Information Theory, Digital Technology, Logical Operations
Reeves - Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), Digital Circuits
Dippy - Radio Navigation
Sargrove - Printed Circuits1938 Bode - Control System Stability
Gross - Walkie-Talkie, Mobile Radio
Meitner, Hahn, Strassmann - Nuclear Fission, Splitting the Atom
Plunkett - PTFE
UK - Electricity Market Penetration
Sola - Constant Voltage Transformer (CVT)
Schottky - Schottky Diode, Semiconductor Theory
Zuse - Programmable Digital Computer, High Level Language1939 I.G. Farbenindustrie - Epoxy Resin, Composites
Bethe - Explanation of Sun's Source of Energy
UK - Electricity Market Penetration1940 Randall, Boot - Cavity Magnetron
Frisch, Peierls - Atomic Bomb
Tizard - Technology Transfer UK-US
Loomis, Pierce, Dippy - LORAN1941 André - Silver Oxide Zinc Battery
Ohl - P-N Junction, Semiconductors, Silicon Solar Cell
Adams - Water Activated Battery
Ransburg - Electrostatic Paint Spraying
Centralab - Thick Film Circuits1942 Fermi - Nuclear Chain Reaction
Coover - Superglue
Hanford, Holmes - Polyurethane
Hedy Lamarr, Antheil - Frequency Hopping Secure Communications, Spread Spectrum, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)1943 Eisler - Printed Circuit Board
1944 Ruben, Mallory - Mercuric Oxide Batteries
Brenner, Riddel, Pessel - Electroless Plating1945 Clarke - Geostationary Communications Satellites
Ragazzini, Philbrick - Operational Amplifier, Analogue Circuits
Bush - Memex (Hypertext)1946 Bloch, Purcell - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spencer - Microwave Oven
Philips - Ceramic Magnets1947 Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley - Transistor
Young, Ring - Cellular Communications
Neumann - Battery Seals
Piezoelectric Ceramic Gramophone Needle
Gabor - Holography
Parsons - Numerically Controlled Machine Tools1948 Bell Labs - Transistor Announcement
Mataré, Welker - Transistron, The French Transistor
Teal, Little - Single Crystal Growth
Teal, Sparks - Grown Junction Transistor
Teal, Buehler - Silicon Crystal Growth, Silicon Diodes
Shannon - Mathematical Theory of Communications, Information Entropy, Sampling Theory, Channel Capacity Tradeoffs
Laithwaite - Linear Motor, Magnetic Levitation, Maglev Trains1949 Woodland, Silver - Bar Code System
Forrester - Magnetic Core Random Access Memory (RAM)
Danko, Abramson - Dip Soldering1950 Shockley - Electrons and Holes
Shockley - Four Layer Diode, Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Nishizawa - PIN Diode
Oerlikon - Flywheel Battery
Dreyer - LCD Polarisers
Deming - Total Quality Management, TQM
Martin - Gas Chromatography1951 Wilkes, Wheeler & Gill - Assembly Language Programming
Hopper - Compiler
Saby - Alloy Junction Transistor
Thornton - Transistor Jet Etching Technique, Surface Barrier Transistor
Ford - Automatic Assembly, Production Automation
Ohmart - Nuclear Batteries, Direct Energy Conversion
Nuclear Power Plants
Sakharov, Tamm - Tokamak, Thermonuclear Fusion1952 Lip - Electric Watch
Transistor Production
Pfann - Zone Refining
Theuerer - Float Zone Refining
Zener - Zener Diode
Fuller - Semiconductor Diffusion Doping
Welker - Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
Dummer - Integrated Circuit
Oatley - Scanning Electron Microscope
Eccles, Hodgkin, Huxley - Nerve Impulse Transmission1953 Microtone, Maico, Unex, Radioear - Transistor Hearing Aid with Button Cell
Mataré, Welker - Transistor Radio
Kay - Digital Voltmeter (DVM)
Fox - Polycarbonate1954 Borg-Warner - ABS Polymers
McIntire - Styrofoam
Shockley, Ohl - Ion Implantation
Lee - Diffused Base Germanium Mesa Transistor
Chapin, Fuller, Pearson - Silicon Solar Cell
Tanenbaum - Diffused Base Silicon Mesa Transistor
Adcock, Teal - Silicon Transistor
Koch - Transistor Radio
Backus - Fortran
Teal - Silicon Transistors
Devol, Engleberger - Industrial Robots1955 Grubb - Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Johnson - Computer Hard Disk
USS Nautilus - Nuclear Powered Submarine
Polley - Wireless TV Remote Control
Wang - Magnetic Core Computer Memory, Random Access Memory (RAM)
Kapany - Fibre Optics
Uhlir, Bakanowski - Varactor Diode or Varicap
Shockley - Four Layer Diode, Shockley Diode
Lawson - Conditions for Nuclear Fusion1956 Hall, Gutzwiller - Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR), Thyristor
1957 Korolev - Sputnik 1, Artificial Earth Satellite
Esaki - Tunnel Diode, Negative Resistance, Electron Tunneling
Bardeen, Cooper, Schreiffer - BCS Theory, Superconductivity
Kouwenhoven - Defibrillator
Hamilton Watch - Electric Watches
Jache - Gel VRLA battery
Hanratty - Numerical Control, CAD/CAM
Frosch, Derrick - Silicon Dioxide Masking
Andrus, Bond - Photolithography
Bemer - Computer Time-Sharing1958 Niedrach - PEM Fuel Cells, Gemini Spacecraft
Hoerni - Transistors, Planar Process
Lehovec - Integrated Circuit, Dielectric Isolation
Kilby, Noyce - Integrated Circuits
Schawlow, Townes, Gould - Laser1959 Urry - Alkaline Primary Battery
Ihrig - Fuel Cell Powered Vehicle
Feynman - Nanotechnology1960 Maiman - Laser
Kahng, Atalla - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
Sah - MOSFET
Hofstein, Heiman - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Integrated Circuit, MOS IC
Loor, Christensen, Kleimack, Theurer, Ross - Epitaxial Deposition
Cho, Arthur - Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)
Greatbatch - Heart Pacemaker, Lithium Primary Battery
Sutherland - Sketchpad, CAD
Getting, Parkinson, Easton - Global Positioning System (GPS), Satellite Navigation System1960's Zinc Air Button Cells
Bacon - Alkaline Fuel Cells, Apollo Spacecraft1961 US Department of Energy - Nuclear Batteries
Riley - Cordless Power Tools
UK - Electricity Market Penetration
Noyce - Resistor Transistor Logic (RTL)
Baker - Diode Transistor Logic (DTL)
Buie, Longo - Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL)
Aroot - Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL)
Wanlass, Sah - Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
Lin - Bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS)
Kalman - Predictive Control Systems1962 Philbrick - Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps)
Widlar, Talbert - Operational Amplifiers (Op-amps), Linear Circuits
Holonyak - Light Emitting Diode
Josephson - Superconducting Materials, Magnetic Field Sensor
Carson - Silent Spring, Environmental Protection
Licklider - "Intergalactic Computer Network" (Internet Concept)1963 Cormack, Hounsfield - Computerised Axial Tomography, CAT Scanning
Gunn - Gunn Diode1964 Baran, Davies - Packet Switching, Internet
Geulia - Super Flywheel Battery
Henry-Baudot - Printed Circuit (Pancake) Motor
Bitzer, Slottow, Wilson - Flat Panel Plasma Display1965 Zadeh - Fuzzy Logic
Russell - Optical Disk System, Compact Disk, CD ROM
Cooley, Tukey - Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Moore - Moore's Law, Integrated Circuits
Johnston, De Loach, Cohen - IMPATT Diode
Nelson - Hypertext1966 Longo - Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), TTL Memory
Dennard - Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
Weber, Kummer - Sodium Sulphur Battery
CODATA - Physical Constants
Kao, Hockham - Fibre Optic Communications
de Gaulle - Rance Tidal Energy Scheme1967 Gates - Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) Battery
Kahng, Sze - Non-Volatile Memory, Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)
Thornley, Hatzakis - Electron Beam Lithography
Walker, Koford, Jones - Micromosaic, Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC's)
Engelbart - Computer Mouse, Graphical User Interface (GUI), Hypertext, Video Conferencing1968 Heilmeier - Liquid Crystal Display
Knuth - The Art of Programming1969 Draper, Hall - Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC), Moon Landing
Fergason - Twisted Nematic Field Effect, LCD
Smith, Boyle - Charge Coupled Device
Nakamura - Quartz Wristwatch
Taylor, Roberts - ARPANet1970 Gray - LCD Materials
Maurer, Keck, Schultz, Zimar - Low Loss Fibre Optic Cable
Regitz, Karp, Hoff, Rowe, Abbott, Vadasz, Reed - Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
Chua - Static Random Access Memory (DRAM)
Frohman - Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), OTP EPROM
Joel - Cellular Phone Handoff System1971 Fagin, Hoff, Mazor - Single Chip Microprocessor
Shugart - Computer Floppy Disk System
Engel, Frenkiel, Gladden, Parelman - Cellular Communications System
Sampson - Gamma Electric Cell, Nuclear Battery
Tomlinson - Internet Email1972 Sodium Sulphur Battery Tested
Richie, Thompson - C Programming Language
Chauvin Arnoux - Digital Multimeter1973 Cooper - Portable Cell Phone, Cellular Base Station
Cerf, Kahn - TCP/IP Internet Protocol
Projection Printing (Photolithography)1974 Werbos - Neural Networks
McGinniss, Corry, Proctor - Organic Semiconductors1970s VRLA Battery Development
1975 Dunlop, Giner, van Ommering, Stockel - Nickel Hydrogen Battery
Roberts - Personal Computer
Gates, Allen - BASIC Interpreter, Microsoft, MS-DOS1976 Jobs, Wozniak - Apple Computer
Diffie, Hellman - Shared Key Encryption
Rivest, Shamir, Adleman - Public Key Encryption1977 AT&T and Bell Labs - Cellular Phone System
Heeger, MacDiarmid, Shirakawa - Conducting Polymers
Damadian - Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI Scanning
Birkner, Chua - Programmable Logic Device (PLD)1978 E.N. Kraftwerk - Compressed Air Energy Storage
Cooper, Littauer - Metal-Air Batteries, Aluminium-Air Batteries
Step and Repeat Photolithography
Breedlove, Wiggins, Frantz - Digital Signal Processor (DSP), Speak and Spell1979 Goodenough - Lithium Ion Rechargeable Cell
Bricklin - Spreadsheet1980 UK Atomic Energy Commission - Zebra Battery
AGM Lead Acid Battery
Baliga - Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
Mead, Conway - Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits, (VLSI)1981 Binnig, Rohrer - Scanning Tunneling Microscope
Drexler - Nanotechnology
MacCready - Photovoltaic Powered Airplane1982 Solar One, Thermal Power Plant
Petersen - MEMS, NEMS, Silicon Machining, Micro-Electromechanical Components1983 Jobs - Graphical User Interface, (GUI)
1984 Masuoka - Flash Memory, Electrically-Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)
Freeman - Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)1985 Curl, Kroto, Smalley - Buckminsterfullerenes
Skil - Cordless Power Tool1980s Sealed VRLA Batteries Commercialised
1986 Ovshinsky - Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
Binnig, Rohrer - Atomic Force Microscope
Hitachi - Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Bednorz, Müller - High Temperature Superconductors
Smith - Six Sigma Quality
Viterbi, Jacobs, Gilhousen - Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Cellular Systems1987 3D Systems - Stereo Lithography Rapid Prototyping
1988 SCE - 40MWH Lead Acid Load Levelling Battery
Fan, Tai, Muller - Micro-Scale Electrostatic Motor, Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS)
Fert, Grünberg GMR Giant MagnetoResistance1989 Pons, Fleischmann - Cold Nuclear Fusion
Brown - Betavoltaic Nuclear Battery
Regenesys - Flow Battery
Bates - Thin Film Battery
Boeing - Stacked Semiconductor Photovoltaic Cell
Berners-Lee - World Wide Web (WWW), HTML, HTTP, URL, Browser1990 Emtage - Internet Search Engine
Sony - Lithium Secondary Cells Introduction
Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries Commercialisation1990's New Market Demands
1991 Iijima - Carbon Nanotubes, Buckytubes
Grätzel - Photoelectrochemical Cell
Zimmermann - PGP Public Key Encryption1992 Kordesch - Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese Battery
1993 Cooper - Zinc Air Batteries, Mechanical Charging
1994 Bellcore - Lithium Polymer Cells
PowerNet - 42 Volt Automotive Battery Standard1995 Pouch Cell
Duracell, Intel - Smart Battery, SMBus
Energizer - On-Cell Fuel Gauge or Battery Tester
Bayliss - Clockwork Battery1996 BMW - Flywheel Energy Storage Accident
Patterson - Power Cells
Poehler, Searson - All Plastic Battery
Brauschweig University - Solar Powered Aeroplane1997 Photovoltaic Modules Production
1998 NGK - 48MWH Sodium Sulphur Load Levelling Battery
CODATA - Readjusts Physical Constants2000 Mills - Hydrino Hydride Battery
Tripathy - Flexible Polymer Solar Panels2000's Market Trends
2001 Smalley - Nanowires
2002 Nanomaterials
ORNL - Thin Film Batteries2003 Teeters, Korzhova, Fisher - Nanobattery
Zettl - Nano-Scale Electrostatic Motor, Nano-Electromechanical Systems(NEMS)
University of San Diego - "Smart Dust", Nano Robots, Nano Batteries
Regenesys - Cancelled
GVEA - 40 Megawatt Battery
Battery Sales Volumes
Partanen - Rechargeable Aluminium Air Battery2004 Toshiba - Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Intel - Itanium 2 Processor2005 Ki Bang Lee - Urine Battery
Satoh - Organic Radical Battery
Armstrong - Biofuel Cell
van Hoof - Thermo-electric Generator Using Body Heat2006 Kassakian, Schindall, Signorelli - Enhanced Double Layer Capacitors, Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes
2007 Hatazawa, Kano - Sugar Battery (Biofuel Cell)
2008 Johnson - JTEC Battery (Johnson Thermoelectric Energy Conversion) System
2009 Battery Futures